Protocols
Research Stage
Gastric acid degrades oral semaglutide through direct acid-catalysed hydrolysis at pH 1 to 3 and through pepsin activation that cleaves semaglutide's backbone before it reaches absorptive epithelium. A 2026 review by Nayak, Dessai, and Nayak identifies acid protection as the central unsolved engineering challenge and proposes novel strategies to overcome it.
July 28, 2026
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10 min read
Protocols
Research Stage
A 2026 Scientific Reports study and ADA 2026 proteomics data show that semaglutide attenuates cardiac ECM remodelling by restoring gut-barrier integrity and suppressing myocardial collagen deposition in obesity models, while a mortality-trained proteomic clock across SELECT and STEP cohorts found semaglutide 2.4 mg reduced multi-organ biological age by approximately 5.2% — with the largest effects in heart and kidney.
July 28, 2026
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11 min read
Protocols
Research Stage
The 2026 Yuan review in International Journal of Molecular Sciences identifies three analgesic mechanisms in BPC-157 that operate independently of structural tissue repair: selective eNOS upregulation via the Src–Caveolin-1–eNOS pathway, suppression of TNF-α and IL-6 driving peripheral nociceptor sensitisation, and dose-dependent attenuation of neurogenic pain in formalin Phase 1 — a spinal-level effect separable from local wound healing.
July 27, 2026
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9 min read
Protocols
Research Stage
The McGuire 2025 narrative review in Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine (18:611–619) concludes that BPC-157 demonstrates robust preclinical regenerative activity across muscle, tendon, ligament, bone, and cartilage — but that the absence of human clinical approval, an active FDA compounding ban, and unresolved oncological safety signals mean the compound sits in a genuine risk-benefit grey zone for practitioners in 2026.
July 20, 2026
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11 min read
Protocols
Research Stage
The clearest human signal comes from Prasse et al. (2010), an open Phase 2 study in 20 histologically confirmed sarcoidosis patients: nebulized synthetic VIP (aviptadil) at 50 µg four times daily via ultrasonic nebulizer for 28 days significantly reduced TNF-α production by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells and expanded CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells. No serious adverse events were recorded.
July 20, 2026
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9 min read
Protocols
Research Stage
TRIUMPH-1 Phase 3 data show retatrutide dosed at 4 mg, 9 mg, or 12 mg once weekly via subcutaneous injection, escalated from a 2 mg starting dose over 20 weeks. The 12 mg arm produced 28.3% mean body-weight reduction at 80 weeks, exceeding tirzepatide's 22.5% ceiling at 15 mg in SURMOUNT-1, though no direct head-to-head trial has yet reported results.
July 15, 2026
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9 min read